Flexible Display Device with Bend Stress Reduction Member and Manufacturing Method for the Same

ABSTRACT

There is provided a flexible display having a plurality of innovations configured to allow bending of a portion or portions to reduce apparent border size and/or utilize the side surface of an assembled flexible display.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/218,928filed on Jul. 25, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/503,278 filed on Sep. 30, 2014 (now issued asU.S. Pat. No. 9,425,418), which are incorporated by reference herein intheir entirety.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

This relates generally to electronic devices, and more particularly, toelectronic devices with a display.

Description of the Related Art

Electronic devices often include displays. For example, cellulartelephones and portable computers include displays for presentinginformation to a user. Components for the electronic device, includingbut not limited to a display, may be mounted in the housing made ofplastic or metal.

An assembled display may include a display panel and a number ofcomponents for providing a variety of functionalities. For instance, oneor more display driving circuits for controlling the display panel maybe included in a display assembly. Examples of the driving circuitsinclude gate drivers, emission (source) drivers, power (VDD) routing,electrostatic discharge (ESD) circuits, multiplex (mux) circuits, datasignal lines, cathode contacts, and other functional elements. There maybe a number of peripheral circuits included in the display assembly forproviding various kinds of extra functions, such as touch sense orfingerprint identification functionalities.

Some of the components may be disposed on the display panel itself,often in the areas peripheral to the display area, which is referred inthe present disclosure as the non-display area and/or the inactive area.When such components are provided in the display panel, they populate asignificant portion of the display panel. Large inactive area tends tomake the display panel bulky, making it difficult to incorporate it intothe housing of electronic devices. Large inactive area may also requirea significant portion of the display panel to be covered by overly largemasking (e.g., bezel, borders, covering material), leading tounappealing device aesthetics.

Size and weight are of the critical importance in designing modemelectronic devices. Also, a high ratio of the active area size comparedto that of inactive area, which is sometimes referred to as the screento bezel ratio, is one of the most desired feature. There is a limit asto how much reduction in the size of the inactive area for higherscreen-to-bezel ratio can be realized from mere use of a separateflexible printed circuit (FPC) for connecting components to the displaypanel. Space requirement for reliably attaching signal cables and to fanout wires along the edges of the display panel still needs to bedisposed in the inactive area of the display panel.

It will be highly desirable to bend the base substrate where the activewith the pixels and the inactive area are formed thereon. This wouldtruly minimize the inactive area of the display panel that needs to behidden under the masking or the device housing. Not only does thebending of the base substrate will minimize the inactive area size needto be hidden from view, but it will also open possibility to various newdisplay device designs.

However, there are various new challenges that need to be solved inproviding such flexible displays. The components formed directly on thebase substrate along with the display pixels tend to have tremendouslysmall dimension with unforgiving margin of errors. Further, thesecomponents need to be formed on extremely thin sheet to provideflexibility, making those components extremely fragile to variousmechanical and environmental stresses instigated during the manufactureand/or in the use of the displays.

Further complication arises from the fact that the components fabricateddirectly on the base substrate with the display pixels are often closelylinked to the operation of those pixels. If care is not taken, themechanical stresses from bending of the flexible display can negativelyaffect the reliability or even result in complete component failure.Even a micro-scale defect in the component thereof can have devastatingeffects on the performance and/or reliability of the display pixelsamounting to scrap the entire display panel without an option to repair.

For instance, a few micrometer scale cracks in the electric wires cancause various abnormal display issues and may even pixels in severalrows or sections of the display panel not to be activated at all. Assuch, various special parameters must be taken in consideration whendesigning electrical wiring schemes to be fabricated on the flexiblebase substrate along with the display pixels. Simply increasing thebending radius may make it difficult to garner any significant benefitsin flexing the base substrate of the display panel. It would thereforebe desirable to provide a flexible display that can operate reliablyeven under the bending stresses from extreme bending radius.

BRIEF SUMMARY

An aspect of the present disclosure is related to a flexible display,which includes configurations for wire traces to withstand bendingstress for reliable operation of the flexible display.

In one embodiment, a display apparatus comprises a base layer having afirst portion, a bend portion extended from the first portion and asecond portion extended from the bend portion, an organic light-emittingdiode (OLED) display unit disposed on an outer surface of the firstportion of the base layer, an encapsulation over the OLED display unit,a printed circuit film attached to the second portion of the base layerand a micro cover layer disposed over the bend portion of the baselayer, wherein the micro cover layer is arranged to cover a part of theencapsulation film disposed on the first portion of the base layer.

The micro cover layer may be arranged to cover a part of the printedcircuit film attached on the second portion of the base layer.

In some embodiments, the encapsulation comprises a polymer layer, andwherein said polymer layer of the encapsulation is also disposed in thebend portion of the base layer underneath the micro cover layer.

In some embodiments, the base layer includes a light blocking materialthat hinders the light to pass through.

In some embodiments, the first support film attached on an inner surfaceof the first portion of the base layer and a second support filmattached on an inner surface of the second portion of the base layer.The first support film and the encapsulation are arranged such that thefirst support film is extended further out toward the bend portion ofthe base layer than the encapsulation film.

In some embodiments, one or both of the first support film and thesecond support film have a flange extending toward the bend portion ofthe base layer.

In some embodiments, a support member is interposed between the firstsupport film and the second support film. The support member has aplanar body portion and a rounded end portion in which the rounded endportion being arranged toward the bend portion of the base layer.

In some embodiments, a first adhesive layer on a surface of the bodyportion that faces the first portion of the base layer and secondadhesive layer on a surface of the body portion that faces the secondportion of the base layer.

In some embodiments, the support member is made of a plastic material.

The thickness of the rounded end portion of the support member may begreater than a thickness of the planar body portion of the supportmember.

In some embodiments, the rounded end portion of the support member has ahemispherical shape with a center shifted toward the first portion ofthe base layer from a central axis of the body portion.

In some embodiments, the rounded end portion of the support member has ahemispherical shape with a part of the rounded end being positionedabove a central axis of the body portion and another part of the roundedend being positioned below the central axis of the body portion.

In some embodiments, the part of the rounded end portion that ispositioned above the central axis of the body portion of the supportmember is larger than the part of the rounded end portion that ispositioned below the central axis of the body portion of the supportmember.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer is thicker than the secondadhesive film.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer includes a pad layerinterposed between two adhesive layers. The pad layer interposed betweenthe two adhesive layers may be a polyolefin foam layer.

In some embodiments, the support member may be formed of a sheet of astainless steel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates schematic view of an exemplary display apparatusaccording to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary arrangement of a substantially flat portionand bend portion of a display apparatus according to embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate exemplary arrangement of active areas of adisplay apparatus according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates simplified stack up structure of components in anexemplary display apparatus according to embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates various examples of bend patterns applicable tofacilitate bending of a display apparatus.

FIGS. 6A-6C are cross-sectional views of illustrative arrangement ofcomponents in a display apparatus according to embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate schematic view of an exemplary configuration ofmulti-layered conductive lines and insulation layers according toembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates schematic view of exemplary non-split strain-reducingtrace designs usable for conductive lines in a display apparatusaccording to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate schematic view of an exemplary strain-reducingwire trace design having a plurality of sub-traces that split and mergeat a certain interval according to embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIGS. 10A-10B cross-sectional view of exemplary configuration ofinsulations layers around a conductive line trace.

FIGS. 11A-11B illustrate schematic view of an exemplary strain-reducingwire trace design with modified portions adopted for crossing recessedareas of the flexible display according to embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 12A illustrates schematic view of an exemplary configuration ofrecessed channel and crack deflection metal/insulation trace accordingto embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 12B-12C illustrate schematic view of an exemplary configurationbuffer etched area provided in between the notched line and the bendallowance section.

FIGS. 13A-13C illustrate schematic views of the flexible displayprovided with a micro-coating layer according to embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIGS. 14A-14B illustrate schematic views of embodiments of the flexibledisplay in a bent state, which are provided with a micro-coating layeraccording to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 15 illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary strain-reducingwire trace design provided with elongated recessed channel(s) forimproving spread dynamics of a micro-coating layer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Flexible Display

FIG. 1 illustrates exemplary flexible display 100 which may beincorporated in electronic devices. Referring to FIG. 1, the flexibledisplay 100 includes at least one active area (i.e., display area), inwhich an array of display pixels are formed therein. One or moreinactive areas may be provided at the periphery of the active area. Thatis, the inactive area may be adjacent to one or more sides of the activearea. In FIG. 1, the inactive area surrounds a rectangular shape activearea. However, it should be appreciated that the shapes of the activearea and the arrangement of the inactive area adjacent to the activearea are not particularly limited as the exemplary flexible display 100illustrated in FIG. 1. The active area and the inactive area may be inany shape suitable to the design of the electronic device employing theflexible display 100. Non-limiting examples of the active area shapes inthe flexible display 100 include a pentagonal shape, a hexagonal shape,a circular shape, an oval shape, and more.

Each pixel in the active area may be associated with a pixel circuit,which includes at least one switching thin-film transistor (TFT) and atleast one driving TFT on the backplane of the flexible display 100. Eachpixel circuit may be electrically connected to a gate line and a dataline to communicate with the driving circuits, such as a gate driver anda data driver, which are positioned in the inactive area of the flexibledisplay 100.

For example, one or more driving circuits may be implemented with TFTsfabricated in the inactive area as depicted in FIG. 1. Such gate driversmay be referred to as a gate-in-panel (GIP). Also, some of thecomponents, such as data drive-IC, may be mounted on a separate printedcircuit and coupled to a connection interface (Pads/Bumps) disposed inthe inactive area using a printed circuit film such as flexible printedcircuit board (FPCB), chip-on-film (COF), tape-carrier-package (TCP) orany other suitable technologies. As will be described in further detailbelow, the inactive area with the connection interface can be bent awayfrom the central portion so that the printed circuit film, such as theCOF, FPCB and the like, is positioned at the rear side of the flexibledisplay 100 to reduce the size of the inactive area to be hidden by abezel.

The flexible display 100 may include various additional components forgenerating a variety of signals or otherwise operating the pixels in theactive area. For example, an inverter circuit, a multiplexer, an electrostatic discharge (ESD) circuit and the like may be placed in theinactive area of the flexible display 100. The flexible display 100 mayalso include components associated with functionalities other than foroperating the pixels of the flexible display 100. For instance, theflexible display 100 may include components for providing a touchsensing functionality, a user authentication functionality (e.g., fingerprint scan), a multi-level pressure sensing functionality, a tactilefeedback functionality and/or various other functionalities for theelectronic device employing the flexible display 100. These componentscan be placed in the inactive area or provided on a separate printedcircuit that is connected to the connection interface of the flexibledisplay 100.

Flat/Bend Portions

Multiple parts of the flexible display 100 can be bent along the bendline BL. The bend line BL in the flexible display 100 may extendhorizontally (e.g., X-axis shown in FIG. 1), vertically (e.g., Y-axisshown in FIG. 1) or even diagonally. Accordingly, the flexible display100 can be bent in any combination of horizontal, vertical and/ordiagonal directions based on the desired design of the flexible display100.

As mentioned, one or more edges of the flexible display 100 can be bentaway from the plane of the central portion along the bend line BL.Although the bend line BL is depicted as being located near the edges ofthe flexible display 100, it should be noted that the bend lines BL canextend across the central portion or extend diagonally at one or morecorners of the flexible display 100. Such configurations would allow theflexible display 100 to provide a foldable display or a double-sideddisplay having display pixels on both outer sides of a folded display.

With the ability to bend one or more portions of the flexible display100, part of the flexible display 100 may be defined by a substantiallyflat portion and a bend portion. A part of the flexible display 100 mayremain substantially flat is referred to as a substantially flat portionof the flexible display 100. A part of the flexible display 100 may bebent in a certain bend angle from the plane of an adjacent portion, andsuch portion is referred to as a bend portion of the flexible display100. The bend portion includes a bend allowance section, which can beactively curved in a certain bend radius.

It should be understood that the term “substantially flat” includes aportion that may not be perfectly flat. For example, the concave centralportion and the convex central portion depicted in FIG. 2 may bedescribed as a substantially flat portion in some embodiments discussedin the present disclosure. In FIG. 2, one or more bend portions existnext to the convex or concave central portion, and bent inwardly oroutwardly along the bend line in a bend angle about a bend axis. Thebend radius of the bend portion is smaller than the bend radius of thecentral portion. In other words, the term “substantially flat portion”refers to a portion with a lesser curvature than that of an adjacentbend allowance section of the flexible display 100.

Depending on the location of the bend line BL in the flexible display100, a portion on one side of the bend line may be positioned toward thecenter of the flexible display 100, whereas the portion on the oppositeside of the bend line BL is positioned toward an edge portion of theflexible display 100. The portion toward the center may be referred toas the central portion and the portion toward the edge may be referredto as the edge portion of the flexible display 100. Although this maynot always be the case, a central portion of the flexible display 100can be the substantially flat portion and the edge portion can be thebend portion of the flexible display 100. It should be noted that asubstantially flat portion can also be provided in the edge portion ofthe flexible display 100. Further, in some configuration of the flexibledisplay 100, two substantially flat portions can be connected by a bendallowance section in the middle.

As mentioned above, bending the inactive area allows to minimize or toeliminate the inactive area to be seen from the front side of theassembled flexible display 100. Part of the inactive area that remainsvisible from the front side can be covered with a bezel. The bezel maybe formed, for example, from a stand-alone bezel structure that ismounted to the cover layer 114, a housing or other suitable componentsof the flexible display 100. The inactive area remaining visible fromthe front side may also be hidden under an opaque masking layer, such asblack ink (e.g., a polymer filled with carbon black) or a layer ofopaque metal. Such an opaque masking layer may be provided on a portionof various layers included in the flexible display 100, such as a touchsensor layer, a polarization layer, a cover layer, and other suitablelayers.

Active Areas

In some embodiments, the bend portion of the flexible display 100 mayinclude an active area capable of displaying image from the bendportion, which is referred herein after as the secondary active area.That is, the bend line BL can be positioned in the active area so thatat least some display pixels of the active area is included in the bendportion of the flexible display 100.

FIGS. 3A and 3B each illustrates an exemplary configuration of activeareas in an embodiment of flexible display 100 of the presentdisclosure. In the configuration depicted in FIG. 3A, the matrix ofpixels in the secondary active area of the bend portion may becontinuously extended from the matrix of the pixels in the active areaof the central portion. Alternatively, in the configuration depicted inFIG. 3B, the secondary active area within the bend portion and theactive area within the central portion of the flexible display 100 maybe separated apart from each other by the bend allowance section of theflexible display 100. Some components in the central portion and thebend portion can be electrically connected via one or more conductiveline trace 120 laid across the bend allowance section of the flexibledisplay 100.

The pixels in the secondary active area and the pixels in the centralactive area may be addressed by the driving circuits (e.g., gate driver,data driver, etc.) as if they are in a single matrix. In this case, thepixels of the central active area and the pixels of the secondary activearea may be operated by the same set of driving circuits. By way ofexample, the N^(th) row pixels of the central active area and the N^(th)row pixels of the secondary active area may be configured to receive thegate signal from the same gate driver. As shown in FIG. 3B, the part ofthe gate line crossing over the bend allowance section (i.e., bendallowance region) or a bridge for connecting the gate lines of the twoactive areas may have a bend stress reduction design, which will bedescribed in further detail below.

Depending on the functionality of the secondary active area, the pixelsof the secondary active area can be driven discretely from the pixels inthe central active area. That is, the pixels of the secondary activearea may be recognized by the display driving circuits as being anindependent matrix of pixels separate from the matrix of pixels in thecentral active area. In such cases, the pixels of the central activearea and the pixels of the secondary active area may receive signalsfrom at least one discrete driving circuit from the driving circuitsemployed by the central active area.

Regardless of the configuration, the secondary active area in the bendportion may serve as a secondary display area in the flexible display100. Also, the size of the secondary active area is not particularlylimited. The size of the secondary active area may depend on itsfunctionality within the electronic device. For instance, the secondaryactive area may be used to provide images and/or texts such a graphicaluser interface, buttons, text messages, and the like. In some cases, thesecondary active area may be used to provide light of various colors forvarious purposes (e.g., status indication light), and thus, the size ofthe secondary active area need not be as large as the active area in thecentral portion of the flexible display 100.

Stack-Up Structure

FIG. 4 is a simplified cross-sectional view showing an exemplary stackup structure of a flexible display 100 in an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. For convenience of explanation, the central portion of theflexible display 100 is illustrated as being substantially flat and thebend portions of the flexible display 100 are positioned at the edges inFIG. 4.

As shown, one or more bend portions may be bent away from the plane ofthe substantially flat portion in a certain bend angle θ and with a bendradius R about the bending axis. The size of each bend portion that isbent away from the central portion needs not be the same. That is, thelength of the base layer 106 from the bend line BL to the outer edge ofthe base layer 106 at each bend portion can be different from other bendportions. Also, the bend angle θ around the bend axis and the bendradius R from the bend axis can vary between the bend portions.

In the example shown in FIG. 4, the right side bend portion has the bendangle θ of 90°, and the bend portion includes a substantially flatsection. The bend portion can be bent at a larger bend angle θ, suchthat at least some part of the bend portion comes underneath the planeof the central portion of the flexible display 100 as the bend portionon the left side of the flexible display 100. Also, a bend portion canbe bent at a bend angle θ that is less than 90°.

In some embodiments, the radius of curvatures (i.e., bend radius) forthe bend portions in the flexible display 100 may be between about 0.1mm to about 10 mm, more preferably between about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm,more preferably between about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm, more preferablybetween about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm. The lowest bend radius of the bendportion of the flexible display 100 may be less than 0.5 mm.

One or more support layers 108 may be provided at the underside of thebase layer 106 to increase rigidity at the selective portion of theflexible display 100. For instance, the support layer 108 can beprovided on the inner surface of the base layer 106 at the substantiallyflat portions of the flexible display 100. The support layer 106 mayalso be provided on the base layer 106 of the bend portion that ispositioned under the central portion of the flexible display 100.Increased rigidity at selective parts of the flexible display 100 mayhelp in ensuring accurate configuration and placement of variouscomponents during manufacturing and using the flexible display 100.Further, the support layer 106 may not be provided in the bend allowancesection where more flexibility is needed.

The base layer 106 and the support layer 108 may each be made of a thinplastic film formed from polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN),polyethylene terephthalate (PET), other suitable polymers, a combinationof these polymers, etc. However, the support layer 108 can be more rigidthan the base layer 106. Other suitable materials that may be used toform the base layer 106 and the support layer 108 include, a thin glass,a metal foil covered with a dielectric material, a multi-layered polymerstack and a polymer composite film comprising a polymer materialcombined with nanoparticles or micro-particles dispersed therein, etc.Support layers 108 provided in various parts of the flexible display 100need not be made of the same material. For example, a thin-glass layermay be used as a support layer 108 for the central portion of theflexible display 100 while a thin plastic film layer is used as asupport layer 108 for edge portions.

Excessively high thickness of the base layer 106 makes it difficult tobe bent at an extremely small bending radius, which may desired at somebend portion of the flexible display 100. Excessively high thickness ofthe base layer 106 may also increase the mechanical stress to thecomponents disposed thereon on the base layer 106. As such, thethickness of the base layer 106 may depend on the bend radius at thebend portion of the base layer 106. However, the base layer 106 with athickness below a certain level may not be strong enough to reliablysupport various components disposed thereon.

Accordingly, the base layer 106 may have a thickness in a range of aboutfrom 5 μm to about 50 μm, more preferably in a range of about 5 μm toabout 30 μm, and more preferably in a range of about 5 μm to about 16μm. The support layer 108 may have a thickness from about 100 μm toabout 125 μm, from about 50 μm to about 150 μm, from about 75 μm to 200μm, less than 150 μm, or more than 100 μm. In one suitable exemplaryconfiguration, the base layer 106 is formed from a layer of polyimidewith a thickness of about 10 μm to about 16 μm and the support layer 108is formed from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with a thickness ofabout 100 μm to about 125 μm.

During manufacturing, some part of the flexible display 100 may beexposed to external light passing through the base layer 106. Some ofthe components or materials used in fabricating the components disposedon the base layer 106 may undergo undesirable state changes (e.g.,threshold voltage shift in the TFTs) due to the light exposure duringthe manufacturing of the flexible display 100. Some parts of theflexible display 100 may be more heavily exposed to the external lightthan others, and this can lead to a display non-uniformity (e.g., mura,shadow defects, etc.). To minimize such problems, the base layer 106and/or the support layer 108 may include one or more materials capableof reducing the amount of external light passing through in someembodiments of the flexible display 100.

By way of example, the light blocking material, for instance chloridemodified carbon black, may be mixed in the constituent material of thebase layer 106 (e.g., polyimide). In this way, the base layer 106 mayformed of polyimide with a shade so that the base layer 106 can providesa light blocking functionality. Such a shaded base layer 106 can alsoimprove the visibility of the image content displayed on the flexibledisplay 100 by reducing the reflection of the external light coming infrom the front side of the flexible display 100.

Instead of the base layer 106, the support layer 108 may include a lightblocking material to reduce the amount of light coming in from the rearside (i.e., the support layer 108 attached side) of the flexible display100. The constituent material of the support layer 108 may be mixed withone or more light blocking materials in the similar fashion as describedabove with the base layer 106. Further, both the base layer 106 and thesupport layer 108 can include one or more light blocking materials.Here, the light blocking materials used in the base layer 106 and thesupport layer 108 need not be the same.

While making the base layer 106 and the support layer 108 to block theunwanted external light may improve display uniformity and reducereflection as described above, recognizing alignment marks for accuratepositioning of the components or for carrying out manufacturing processmay become difficult. For example, accurate positioning of thecomponents on the base layer 106 or the alignment during bending of theflexible display 100 can be difficult as the positioning of the layersmay need to be determined by comparing the outer edges of theoverlapping portions of the layer(s). Further, checking for unwanteddebris or other foreign materials in the flexible display 100 can beproblematic if the base layer 106 and/or the support layer 108 blocksthe excessive range(s) of light spectrum (i.e., wavelengths in thevisible, the ultraviolet and the infrared spectrum).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the light blocking material, which maybe included in the base layer 106 and/or the support layer 108 isconfigured to pass the light of certain polarization and/or the lightwithin specific wavelength ranges usable in one or more manufacturingand/or testing processes of the flexible display 100. In way of example,the support layer 108 may pass the light used in the quality check,alignment processes (e.g., UV, IR spectrum light) during themanufacturing the flexible display 100, but filter the light in thevisible light wavelength range. The limited range of wavelengths canhelp reduce the display non-uniformity problem, which may be caused bythe shadows generated by the printed circuit film attached to base layer106, especially if the base layer 106 includes the light blockingmaterial as described above.

It should be noted that the base layer 106 and the support layer 108 canwork together in blocking and passing specific types of light. Forinstance, the support layer 108 can change the polarization of light,such that the light will not be passable through the base layer 106.This way, certain type of light can be passed through the support layer108 for various purposes during manufacturing of the flexible display100, but unable to penetrate through the base layer 106 to causeundesired effects to the components disposed on the opposite side of thebase layer 106.

Backplane of the flexible display 100 is implemented on the base layer106. In some embodiments, the backplane of the flexible display 100 canbe implemented with TFTs using low-temperature poly-silicon (LTPS)semiconductor layer as its active layer. Accordingly, the pixel circuitand the driving circuits (e.g., GIP) are implemented with NMOS LTPSTFTs. In some other embodiments, the backplane of the flexible display100 may be implemented with a combination of N-Type LTPS TFTs and P-TypeLTPS TFTs. For instance, the flexible display 100 may be provided with aCMOS GIP, implemented by using both the N-Type LTPS TFTs and P-Type LTPSTFTs.

Further, in some embodiments, the flexible display 100 may employmultiple kinds of TFTs to implement the driving circuits in the inactivearea and/or the pixel circuits in the active. That is, a combination ofan oxide semiconductor TFT and an LTPS TFT may be used to implement thebackplane of the flexible display 100. In the backplane, the type ofTFTs may be selected according to the operating conditions and/orrequirements of the TFTs within the corresponding circuit.

Low-temperature-poly-silicon (LTPS) TFTs generally exhibit excellentcarrier mobility even at a small profile, making them suitable forimplementing condensed driving circuits. The excellent carrier mobilityof the LTPS TFT makes it an ideal for components requiring a fast speedoperation. Despite the aforementioned advantages, initial thresholdvoltages may vary among the LTPS TFTs due to the grain boundary of thepoly-crystalized silicon semiconductor layer.

On the other hand, a TFT employing an oxide material based semiconductorlayer such as an indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) semiconductor layer(referred hereinafter as “the oxide TFT”), is different from the LTPSTFT in many respects. Although the oxide TFT has a lower mobility thanthe LTPS TFT, the oxide TFT is generally more advantageous than the LTPSTFT in terms of reducing the leakage current during its off state. Inother words, the oxide TFT generally exhibits a higher voltage-holdingratio (VHR) than that of the LTPS TFT. The higher VHR of the oxide TFTcan be of a great advantage for driving the pixels at a reduced framerate when a high frame rate driving of the pixels is not needed.

The flexible display 100 may be provided with a feature in which thepixels of the entire active area or selective portion of the active areaare driven at a reduced frame rate under a specific condition. By way ofexample, the pixels can be refreshed at a reduced refresh rate dependingon the content displayed from the flexible display 100. Also, part ofthe active area displaying a still image data (e.g., user interface,text) may be refreshed at a lower rate than other part of the activearea displaying rapidly changing image data (e.g., movie). The pixelsdriven at a reduced refresh rate may have an increased blank period, inwhich the data signal is not provided to the pixels. This would minimizethe power wasted from providing the pixels with the same image data. Insuch embodiments, oxide TFTs can be used for some of the TFTsimplementing the pixel circuits and/or the driving circuits of theflexible display 100 to minimize the leakage current during the blankperiod. By reducing the current leakage from the pixel circuits and/orthe driving circuits, more stable level of brightness can be achievedfrom the pixels even when they are refreshed at a reduced rate.

In terms of stability, oxide TFTs do not suffer from thetransistor-to-transistor initial threshold voltage variation issue asmuch as the LTPS TFTs. Such a property can be of a great advantage whenincreasing the size of the flexible display 100. On the other hand, theLTPS TFT may be better than the oxide TFT in terms of the positive biastemperature stress (PBTS) and the negative bias temperature stress(NBTS), which may cause unwanted threshold voltage shift during the useof the flexible display 100.

Considering the pros and cons of LTPS TFT and oxide TFT, someembodiments of the flexible display 100 disclosed herein may employ acombination of the LTPS TFT and the oxide TFT. In particular, someembodiments of the flexible display 100 can employ LTPS TFTs toimplement the driving circuits (e.g., GIP) in the inactive area andemploy oxide TFTs to implement the pixel circuits in the active area.Due to the excellent carrier mobility of the LTPS TFTs, driving circuitsimplemented with LTPS TFTs may operate at a faster speed than thedriving circuits implemented with the oxide TFTs. In addition, morecondensed driving circuits can be provided with the LTPS TFT, whichreduces the size of the inactive area in the flexible display 100. Withthe excellent voltage holding ratio of the oxide TFTs used in the pixelcircuits, leakage from the pixels can be reduced. This also enables torefresh pixels in a selective portion of the active area or to drivepixels at a reduced frame rate under a predetermined condition (e.g.,when displaying still images) while minimizing display defects caused bythe leakage current.

In some embodiments, the driving circuits in the inactive area of theflexible display 100 may be implemented with a combination of N-TypeLTPS TFTs and P-Type LTPS TFTs while the pixel circuits are implementedwith oxide TFTs. For instance, N-Type LTPS TFTs and P-Type LTPS TFTs canbe used to implement a CMOS gate driver (e.g., CMOS GIP, Data Driver)whereas oxide TFTs are employed in at least some part of the pixelcircuits. Unlike the GIP formed entirely of either the P-type or N-typeLTPS TFTs, the gate out signal from the CMOS gate driver can becontrolled by DC signals or logic high/low signals. This allows for morestable control of the gate out node of the gate driver during the blankperiod such that the suppression of current leakage from the pixelcircuit or unintended activation of the pixels connected the gate nodecan be achieved.

It should be noted that the CMOS gate driver can be implemented by usinga combination of LTPS TFTs and oxide TFTs. Likewise, in someembodiments, the pixel circuits in the active area can be implemented byusing both the LTPS TFTs and the oxide TFTs. When employing both kindsof TFTs in the pixel circuit and/or the driving circuit, the LTPS TFTcan be used for TFTs of the circuit, which are subjected to extendedperiod of bias stress (e.g., PBTS, NBTS). In addition, the TFTs in acircuit, which are connected to a storage capacitor, can be formed ofthe oxide TFT to minimize leakage therefrom.

The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) element layer 102 is disposed onthe base layer 106. The OLED element layer 102 includes a plurality ofOLED elements, which is controlled by the pixel circuits and the drivingcircuits implemented on the base layer 106 as well as any other drivingcircuits connected to the connection interfaces on the base layer 106.The OLED element layer includes an organic-light emitting materiallayer, which may emit light of certain spectral color (e.g., red, green,blue). In some embodiments, the organic-light emitting material layermay have a stack configuration to emit white light, which is essentiallya combination of multiple colored lights.

The encapsulation 104 is disposed on the OLED element layer 102. Theencapsulation 104 may include multiple layers of materials for reducingpermeation of air and moisture to protect OLED elements thereunder. Insome embodiments, the encapsulation 104 may be provided in a thin filmform.

The flexible display 100 may also include a polarization layer 110 forcontrolling the display characteristics (e.g., external lightreflection, color accuracy, luminance, etc.) of the flexible display100. The cover layer 114 may be used to protect the flexible display100.

Electrodes for sensing touch input from a user may be formed on aninterior surface of a cover layer 114 and/or at least one surface of thepolarization layer 110. If desired, an separate independent layer thatincludes the touch sensor electrodes and/or other components associatedwith sensing of touch input (referred hereinafter as touch-sensor layer112) may be provided in the flexible display 100. The touch sensorelectrodes (e.g., touch driving/sensing electrodes) may be formed fromtransparent conductive material such as indium tin oxide, carbon basedmaterials like graphene or carbon nanotube, a conductive polymer, ahybrid material made of mixture of various conductive and non-conductivematerials. Also, metal mesh (e.g., aluminum mesh, silver mesh, etc.) canalso be used as the touch sensor electrodes.

The touch sensor layer 112 may include a layer formed of one or moredeformable dielectric materials. One or more electrodes may beinterfaced with or positioned near the touch sensor layer 112, andloaded with one or more signals to facilitate measuring electricalchanges on one or more of the electrodes upon deformation of the touchsensor layer 112. The measurement may be analyzed to assess the amountof pressure at a plurality of discrete levels and/or ranges of levels onthe flexible display 100.

In some embodiments, the touch sensor electrodes can be utilized inidentifying the location of the user inputs as well as assessing thepressure of the user input. Identifying the location of touch input andmeasuring of the pressure of the touch input on the flexible display 100may be achieved by measuring changes in capacitance from the touchsensor electrodes on one side of the touch sensor layer 112. Also,measuring the amount of pressure may utilize at least one electrodeother than the touch sensor electrodes to measure at least one othersignal, which may be obtained simultaneously with the touch signal fromthe touch sensor electrodes or obtained at a different timing.

The deformable material included in the touch sensor layer 112 may be anelectro-active material, which the amplitude and/or the frequency of thedeformation is controlled by an electrical signal and/or electricalfield. The examples of such deformable materials include piezo ceramic,electro-active-polymer (EAP) and the like. Accordingly, the touch sensorelectrodes and/or separately provided electrode can activate thedeformable material to bend the flexible display 100 to desireddirections. In addition, such electro-active materials can be activatedto vibrate at desired frequencies, thereby providing tactile and/ortexture feedback on the flexible display 100. It should be appreciatedthat the flexible display 100 may employ a plurality of electro-activematerial layers so that bending and vibration of the flexible display100 can be provided simultaneously or at a different timing. Such acombination can be used in creating sound waves from the flexibledisplay 100.

Components of the flexible display 100 may make it difficult to bend theflexible display 100 along the bend line BL. Some of the elements, suchas the support layer 108, the touch sensor layer 112, the polarizationlayer 110 and the like, may add too much rigidity to the flexibledisplay 100. Also, the thickness of such elements shifts the neutralplane of the flexible display 100 and thus some of the components may besubject to greater bending stresses than other components.

To facilitate easier bending and to enhance the reliability of theflexible display 100, the configuration of components in the bendportion of the flexible display 100 differs from the substantially flatportion of the flexible display 100. Some of the components existing inthe substantially flat portion may not be disposed in the bend portionsof the flexible display 100, or may be provided in a differentthickness. The bend portion may free of the support layer 108, thepolarization layer 110, the touch sensor layer 114, a color filter layerand/or other components that may hinder bending of the flexible display100. Such components may not be needed in the bend portion if the bendportion is to be hidden from the view or otherwise inaccessible to theusers of the flexible display 100.

Even if the secondary active area is in the bend portion for providinginformation to users, the secondary active area may not require some ofthese components depending on the usage and/or the type of informationprovided by the secondary active area. For example, the polarizationlayer 110 and/or color filter layer may not be needed in the bendportion when the secondary active area is used for simply emittingcolored light, displaying texts or simple graphical user interfaces in acontrast color combination (e.g., black colored texts or icons in whitebackground). Also, the bend portion of the flexible display 100 may befree of the touch sensor layer 114 if such functionality is not neededin the bend portion. If desired, the bend portion may be provided with atouch sensor layer 112 and/or the layer of electro-active material eventhough the secondary active area for displaying information is notprovided in the bend portion.

Since the bend allowance section is most heavily affected by the bendstress, various bend stress-reducing features are applied to thecomponents on the base layer 106 of the bend allowance section. To thisend, some of the elements in the central portion may not be formed in atleast some part of the bend portion. The separation between thecomponents in the central portion and the bend portion may be created byselectively removing the elements at the bend allowance section of theflexible display 100 such that the bend allowance section is free of therespective elements.

As depicted in FIG. 4, the support layer 108 in the central portion andthe support layer 108 in the bend portion can be separated from eachother by the absence of the support layer 108 under the base layer 106at the bend allowance section. Instead of using the support layer 108attached to the base layer 106, the rounded end portion of the supportmember 116 can be positioned underside of the base layer 106 at the bendallowance section as described above. Various other components, forexample the polarization layer 110 and the touch sensor layer 114 andmore, may also be absent from the bend allowance section of the flexibledisplay 100. The removal of the elements may be done by cutting, wetetching, dry etching, scribing and breaking, or other suitable materialremoval methods. Rather than cutting or otherwise removing an element,separate pieces of the element may be formed at the selective portions(e.g., substantially flat portion and the bend portion) to keep the bendallowance section free of such element.

Instead of being entirely removed from the bend portion, some elementsmay be provided with a bend pattern along the bend lines and/or theparts within the bend allowance section to reduce the bend stress. FIG.5 illustrates a plane view and a cross-sectional view of exemplary bendpatterns 300. The bend patterns 300 described above may be used in thesupport layer 108, the polarization layer 110, the touch sensor layer114 and various other elements of the flexible display 100.

The flexible display 100 may utilize more than one types of bendpatterns. It should be appreciated that a number of bend patterns andthe types of the bend patterns 300 utilized by the components is notlimited. If desired, the depth of the patterns may not be deep enough topenetrate through the component entirely but penetrate only partiallythrough the respective layer. As will be described in further detailbelow, a buffer layer positioned between the base layer 106 and the TFTas well as a passivation layer covering a conductive line trace may bealso be provided with the bend pattern for reducing bend stress.

Support Member

As mentioned, the support layer 108 may not be present at the bendallowance section to facilitate easier bending of the base layer 106.Absent the support layer 108, however, the curvature at the bendallowance section may be easily altered by external force. To supportthe base layer 106 and maintain the curvature at the bend allowancesection, the flexible display 100 may also include a support member 116,which may also be referred to as a “mandrel.” The exemplary supportmember 116 depicted in FIG. 4 has an elongated body portion and arounded end portion. The base layer 106 and the support member 116 arearranged so that that the rounded end portion of the support member 116is positioned at the underside of the base layer 106 corresponding tothe bend allowance section of the flexible display 100.

In embodiments where a bend portion is provided at an edge of theflexible display 100, the support member 116 can be provided at the edgeof the flexible display 100. In this setting, a part of the base layer106 may come around the rounded end portion of the support member 116and be positioned at the underside the support member 116 as depicted inFIG. 4. Various circuits and components in the inactive area of theflexible display 100, such as drive ICs and interfaces for connectingchip-on-flex (COF) and flexible printed circuit board (FPCB), may beprovided on the base layer 106 that is positioned at the rear side ofthe flexible display 100. In this way, even the components that are notflexible enough to be bent in a bend radius desired by the flexibledisplay 100 can be placed under the active area of the flexible display100.

The support member 116 can be formed of plastic material such aspolycarbonate (PC), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN),polyethylene terephthalate (PET), other suitable polymers, a combinationof these polymers, etc. The rigidity of the support member 116 formed ofsuch plastic materials may be controlled by the thickness of the supportmember 116 and/or by providing additives for increasing the rigidity.The support member 116 can be formed in a desired color (e.g., black,white, etc.). Further, the support member 116 may also be formed ofglass, ceramic, metal or other rigid materials or combinations ofaforementioned materials.

The size and the shape of the rounded end portion of the support member116 can vary depending on the minimum curvature desired at the bendallowance section of the flexible display 100. In some embodiments, thethickness of the rounded end portion and the thickness of the elongatedbody portion may be substantially the same. In other embodiments, theelongated body portion, which has a planar shape, may be thinner thanthe rounded end portion of the support member 116. With a thinnerprofile at the elongated body portion, the support member 116 cansupport the bend allowance section while avoiding unnecessary increasein the thickness in the flexible display 100.

Since the support at the bend allowance section is provided by therounded end portion of the support member 116, the elongated planarportion extending toward the substantially flat portion of the flexibledisplay 100 needs not be extended into the active area. While theelongated body portion can be extended under the active area for variousreasons, the length of the elongated body portion from the rounded endportion towards the opposite end is sufficient so long as it providesenough surface area for securing the support member 116 in a desiredlocation of the flexible display 100.

To secure the support member 116 in the flexible display 100, anadhesive layer 118 may be provided on the surface of the support member116. The adhesive layer 118 may include a pressure-sensitive adhesive, afoam-type adhesive, a liquid adhesive, a light-cured adhesive or anyother suitable adhesive material. In some embodiments, the adhesivelayer 118 can be formed of, or otherwise includes, a compressiblematerial and serve as a cushion for the parts bonded by the adhesivelayer 118. As an example, the constituent material of the adhesive layer118 may be compressible. The adhesive layer 118 may be formed ofmultiple layers, which includes a cushion layer (e.g., polyolefin foam)interposed between an upper and a lower layers of an adhesive material.

The adhesive layer 118 can be placed on at least one of the uppersurface and the lower surface of the elongated body portion of thesupport member 116. When the bend portion of the flexible display 100wraps around the rounded end portion of the support layer 116, anadhesive layer 118 can be provided on both the lower surface (i.e., thesurface facing the rear side) and the upper surface (i.e., the surfacefacing the front side) of the elongated body portion. If desired, anadhesive layer 118 may be provided between the surface of the roundedend portion of the support member 116 and the inner surface of the baselayer 106.

During bending, a part of the flexible display 100 on one side of thesupport member 116 may be pulled toward the support member 116, and thebase layer 106 may be damaged by the highest and the lowest edges of therounded end portion. As such, the height of the adhesive layer 118 andthe support layer 108 between the support member 116 and the base layer106 may be at least equal to or greater than the vertical distancebetween the highest edge of the rounded end portion and the surface ofthe elongate body portion where the adhesive layer 118 is placed. Inother words, the height of the space created by the thickness differencebetween the rounded end portion and the elongated body portion of thesupport member 116 may be equal to or less than the collective thicknessof the support layer 108 and the adhesive layer 118.

Depending on the shape of the support member 116, a thickness of theadhesive layer 118 on the upper and the lower surfaces of the elongatedbody portion may be different. For instance, the elongated body portion,which is thinner than the rounded end portion, may not be at the centerof the rounded end portion of the support member 116. In such cases, thespace on one side of the support member 116 may be greater than thespace on the opposite side.

In another example, the lowest edge of the rounded end portion may bein-line with the bottom surface of the elongated body portion such thatthe space is provided only on one side of the elongated body portion. Insuch cases, the adhesive layer 118 on one side of the elongated bodyportion of the support member 116 can be thicker than the one on theopposite side. It should be appreciated that the dimensions of thesupport member 116 in FIG. 4 may be exaggerated for the purposes ofsimpler explanation.

Exemplary Arrangement

FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C are simplified cross-sectional view showing anexemplary arrangement of elements in various embodiments of the flexibledisplay 100. In one suitable configuration, the thickness of the roundedend portion and the elongated body portion of the support member 116Amay be substantially the same as illustrated in FIG. 6A. Such a supportmember 116A can be formed of the plastic materials mentioned above. Thesupport member 116A may also be formed of a folded thin sheet metal(e.g., SUS). In this case, the folded edge of the sheet metal can serveas the rounded end portion of the support member 116A. Even when a sheetmetal is used to form the support member, the rounded end portion canhave greater thickness than the elongated body portion. For instance,pressure can be applied on the part of the folded metal sheet for theelongated body portion to make that portion thinner than the foldededge.

In FIG. 6A, the adhesive layer 118A is illustrated as being applied onthe upper, the lower surface and the surface of the rounded end portionof the support member 116A. As the thickness of the support member 116Aat the rounded end portion and the elongated body portion is about thesame, the thickness of the adhesive layer 118A may have a substantiallyuniform thickness on the surface of the support member 116A. However, itshould be noted that the adhesive layer 118A can be thinner and/orthicker at selective parts of the support member 116A.

In another suitable configuration, the elongated body portion of thesupport member 116 is thinner than its rounded end portion. In thisregard, the bottom surface of the elongated body portion is in-line withthe lowest edge of the rounded end portion, providing a support member116B with a flat bottom as depicted in FIG. 6B. In this exemplaryconfiguration, the support members 116B may be formed of one or acombination of aforementioned plastic materials (e.g., polycarbonate).Also, the adhesive layer 118B provided on the upper surface of theelongated body portion is thicker than the adhesive layer 118B providedon the bottom surface of the elongated body portion of the supportmember 116B. The adhesive layer 118B on the upper surface of theelongated body portion may include a cushion layer described above whilethe adhesive layer 118B on the lower surface does not.

In yet another suitable configuration shown in FIG. 6C, neither the topnor the bottom surfaces of the elongated body portion of the supportmember 116C is in-line with the highest/lowest edges of the roundedportion. The support members 116C may be formed of one or a combinationof aforementioned plastic materials (e.g., polycarbonate). In thisexample, the elongated body portion is off-centered (i.e., closer to thelowest edge of the rounded portion), and the adhesive layer 118C on theupper surface of the elongated body portion is thicker than the adhesivelayer 118C on the lower surface. The adhesive layer 118C on the uppersurface of the elongated body portion may include a cushion layerdescribed above while the adhesive layer 118C on the lower surface doesnot.

In the exemplary configurations depicted in FIGS. 6A-6C, the supportlayer 108 on the upper side of the support member 116 is extendedfurther out toward the bend allowance section than the encapsulation 114there above. In other words, a part of the base layer 106 toward thebend allowance section is not covered by the encapsulation 114, butprovided with the support layer 108 thereunder. The extra length of thesupport layer 108 can help in keeping a steady rate of curvature in thebend allowance section. The edge of the support layer 108 under thesupport member 116 may be shifted away from the bend allowance section.In some embodiments, the edge of the support layer 108 toward the bendallowance section can be provided with a flange, which extends evenfurther out toward the bend allowance section as shown in FIG. 6A. Inone example, the flange may be made by cutting, or otherwise patterning,the support layer 108 to have a tapered edge. In another example, theflange can be provided by stacking at least two support layers withtheir edges shifted from each other. While omitted in FIGS. 6B and 6C,the flange can be provided in those embodiments as well.

It should be appreciated that the configurations described above inreference to FIGS. 6A-6C are merely illustrative. Adhesive layers havingthe same thickness can be provided on the upper and the lower surfacesof the support member regardless of the position of the elongated bodyportion. Further, adhesive layers on both the upper surface and thelower surface of the support member can include a cushion layer.

Wire Trace

Several conductive lines are included in the flexible display 100 forelectrical interconnections between various components therein. Thecircuits fabricated in the active area and inactive area may transmitvarious signals via one or more conductive lines to provide a number offunctionalities in the flexible display 100. As briefly discussed, someconductive lines may be used to provide interconnections between thecircuits and/or other components in the central portion and the bendportion of the flexible display 100.

As used herein, the conductive lines broadly refers to a trace ofconductive path for transmitting any type of electrical signals, powerand/or voltages from one point to another point in the flexible display100. As such, conductive lines may include source/drain electrodes ofthe TFTs as well as the gate lines/data lines used in transmittingsignals from some of the display driving circuits (e.g., gate driver,data driver) in the inactive area to the pixel circuits in the activearea. Likewise, some conductive lines, such as the touch sensorelectrodes, pressure sensor electrodes and/or fingerprint sensorelectrodes may provide signals for sensing touch input or recognizingfingerprints on the flexible display 100. Conductive lines can alsoprovide interconnections between the pixels of the active area in thecentral portion and the pixels of the secondary active area in the bendportion of the flexible display 100. It should be appreciated that theaforementioned functionalities of conductive lines in the flexibledisplay 100 are merely illustrative.

Some conductive lines of the flexible display 100 may have amulti-layered structure, which may allow more flexibility with lesschance of breakage. FIGS. 7A and 7B each illustrates exemplary stackstructure of the conductive line trace 120. In FIG. 7A, the conductiveline trace 120 may have a multi-layered structure in which the primaryconductive layer 122 is sandwiched between the secondary conductivelayers 124. The primary conductive layer 122 may be formed of materialwith a lower electrical resistance than that of the secondary conductivelayer 144. Non-limiting examples of the materials for the primaryconductive layer 122 includes copper, aluminum, transparent conductiveoxide, or other flexible conductors. The secondary conductive layer 124should be formed of conductive material that can exhibit sufficientlylow ohmic contact resistance when formed in a stack over the primaryconductive layer 122.

Examples of such combination include an aluminum layer sandwichedbetween titanium layers (Ti/Al/Ti), an aluminum layer sandwiched betweenupper and lower molybdenum layers (Mo/Al/Mo), a copper layer sandwichedbetween titanium layers (Ti/Co/Ti) and a copper layer sandwiched betweenupper and lower molybdenum layers (Mo/Co/Mo). However, the low ohmiccontact resistance of the conductive layer stack is not the only factorfor choosing the materials for the conductive line trace 120 used in theflexible display 100.

The materials for forming the conductive line trace 120 should meet theminimum mechanical stress requirement while meeting the stringentelectrical and thermal requirements of the flexible display 100 (e.g.,resistance, heat generation, etc.). Accordingly, both the primaryconductive layer 122 and the secondary conductive layer 124 should beformed of materials exhibiting low brittleness. In this regard, Al has amodulus of about 71 GPa, Ti has a modulus of 116 GPa, and Mo has amodulus of 329 GPa. As such, the brittleness of Al is about ¼ of that ofMo, and the brittleness of Ti is about ⅓ of that of Mo. Accordingly, insome embodiments, at least some of the conductive lines 120 of theflexible display 100 are formed of a stack including Al and Ti. Sincethe primary conductive layer 122 should have lower electrical resistancethan the secondary conductive layer 124, the conductive line trace 120may be formed in a stack of Ti/Al/Ti. In particular, at least some ofthe conductive lines 120 disposed in the bend allowance section may beformed in a stack of Ti/Al/Ti.

In some embodiments, the flexible display 100 may operate under humidenvironment. For example, the flexible display 100 may be employed in awearable electronic device or submergible electronic device. In somecases, moistures can reach the conductive line trace 120. Dissimilarmetals and alloys have different electrode potentials, and when two ormore come into contact in an electrolyte, one metal acts as anode andthe other as cathode. The electro-potential difference between thedissimilar metals is the driving force for an accelerated attack on theanode member of the galvanic couple, which is the primary conductivelayer 122 in the Ti/Al/Ti stack. The anode metal dissolves into theelectrolyte, and deposit collects on the cathodic metal.

For a multi-layered conductive line trace 120 shown in FIG. 7A, galvaniccorrosion can be initiated by the electrolyte that is in contact at thecross-sectional side of a multi-layered conductive line trace 120.Accordingly, in some embodiments, at least some conductive lines 120 isprovided with a structure in which the primary conductive layer 122 issurrounded by the secondary conductive layer 124 such that the primaryconductive layer 122 are covered by the secondary conductive layer 124as shown in FIG. 7B. In this way, the loss of primary conductive layer122 by galvanic corrosion can minimized, and further reduce probabilityof severance of electrical conductivity.

Such a multi-layered conductive lines 120 can be created by firstdepositing the material for the primary conductive layer 122 (e.g., Al)over the secondary conductive layer 124 (e.g., Ti). Here, the secondaryconductive layer 124 underneath the primary conductive layer 122 mayhave greater width. Etch resist material is formed over the stack ofthese two layers and etched (e.g., dry etch, wet etch, etc.) to form adesired a conductive line trace (e.g., diamond trace design). Afterstriping the etch resistance material, another layer of secondaryconductive layer 124 (i.e., Ti) is deposited over the patternedstructure (i.e., Ti/A1). Again, the secondary conductive layer 124 ontop of the primary conductive layer 122 may have greater width such thatthe primary conductive layer 122 is enclosed within the secondaryconductive layer 124. Another round of dry etching and striping of theetch resistance material is performed to form the stack of themulti-layered structure (i.e., Ti/Al/Ti) in a desired conductive linetrace design.

Some of the conductive lines may be extended from the substantially flatportion of the flexible display 100 to the bend portion of the flexibledisplay 100. In such cases, some portions of the conductive lines may beconfigured differently from the other portions to withstand the bendingstress. In particular, the portion of the conductive lines laid over thebend allowance section of the flexible display 100 may include severalfeatures for reducing cracks and fractures of the conductive lines tomaintain proper interconnection.

Also, various insulation layers, such as the a buffer layer 126, thepassivation layer 128, a gate insulation layer (GI layer) and aninterlayer dielectric layer (ILD layer) may be formed at the lowerand/or upper side of the conductive line trace 120. These insulationlayers may be formed of organic and/or inorganic materials or include asub-layer formed of inorganic materials.

Among various insulation layers in the flexible display 100, layers thatare formed of inorganic material are generally less ductile than themetals of the conductive line trace 120. Given the same amount ofbending stress, cracks generally initiate from the insulation layersrather than the conductive line trace 120. Even if the conductive linestrace 120 has sufficient modulus to withstand the bending stress withouta crack, the cracks initiated from the insulation layer tend to grow andpropagate into the conductive lines 120, which would create spots ofpoor electrical contacts and render the flexible display 100 unusable.Accordingly, various bending stress reduction techniques are utilized inboth the insulation layers and the conductive lines 120.

Trace Design

A trace designs plays an important role in reducing the bending stressin both the conductive line trace 120 and the insulation layers. Forconvenience of explanation, the conductive line trace 120 and the traceof insulation layer (i.e., passivation layer 128) covering at least somepart of the conductive line trace 120 are collectively referred to asthe “wire trace” in the following description.

The trace design should be determined by considering the electricalrequirements of the conductive line trace 120 as well as the type ofsignals transmitted on the conductive line trace 120. Also, theproperties of the materials (e.g., Young's modulus) used in forming theconductive line trace 120 and the insulation layers can be considered indesigning the traces. It should be noted that various other factors suchas a thickness, a width, a length, a layout angle for a section as wellas for the entirety of the conductive line trace 120 and the insulationlayers may need to be considered to provide a trace design havingsufficient electrical and mechanical reliability for use in the flexibledisplay 100.

With these factors in mind, a wire trace design may be specificallytailored for the conductive line trace 120 and the insulation layersbased on their placement and orientation in reference to the bendingdirection (i.e., tangent vector of the curve) of the flexible display100. A wire trace will be subjected to more bending stress as thedirection in which the wire trace extends is more aligned to the tangentvector of the curvature. In other words, a wire trace will withstandbetter against the bending stress when the length of the wire tracealigned to the tangent vector of the curvature is reduced.

In order to reduce the length of the wire trace portion being aligned tothe tangent vector of the curvature, wire traces of the flexible display100 may employ any one or more of a sign-wave, a square-wave, aserpentine, a saw-toothed and a slanted line trace designs illustratedin FIG. 8. In such configurations, the bending stress may be distributedto the trace portions oriented in an angle shifted away from the tangentvector of the curvature. The strain-reducing trace designs illustratedin FIG. 8 are merely exemplary and should not be construed aslimitations to the trace designs that can be used in the embodiments ofthe flexible display 100.

Some conductive line trace 120 may adopt different strain-reducing tracedesigns from other conductive line trace 120 of the flexible display100. In some embodiments, the conductive line trace 120 can have varyingdimensions to facilitate tight spacing between the conductive lines. Forinstance, a convex side of a first wire trace may be placed in a concaveside of a second wire trace next to the first wire trace.

In order to prevent or minimize severance of interconnections by cracksin the conductive line trace 120, the wire trace may split into multiplesub-traces, which converge back into a single trace at a certaininterval. That is, a single conductive line trace 120 can include two ormore sub-traces, which split and merge at every joint X. From a firstjoint X, one of the sub-traces extends in a first direction that isangled away from the tangent vector of the curvature for a predetermineddistance, and then extends in a second direction towards a second jointX. At least one other sub-trace from the first joint X to the secondjoint X is arranged in the similar manner, but in mirrored orientationin reference to the tangent vector of the curvature. The two sub-tracesof the conductive line 120 between the two adjacent joint X surround anopen area that is free of the conductive line trace 120.

The distances and directions in which the sub-traces are arrangedbetween the two adjacent joints X define the shape and the size of theconductive line trace 120 as well as the open area surrounded by thesub-traces. Further, the insulation layers covering the surface of theconductive line trace 120 with the aforementioned strain-reducing tracedesign is patterned in a trace design corresponding to the conductiveline trace 120. As such, the open area surrounded by the sub-traces ofthe conductive line trace 120 is free of the inorganic insulationlayer(s), or otherwise has thinner layer inorganic insulation layer(s)than the areas under and/or above the conductive line trace 120.

By way of an example, a conductive line trace 120 depicted in FIG. 9Aincludes sub-traces A and B that split and merge back between twoadjacent joints X-1 and X-2. From a first joint X-1, the sub-trace Aextends in a first angled direction from the tangent vector of thecurvature for a predetermined distance, and then extends in a secondangled direction from the tangent vector of the curvature to reach thesecond joint X-2. In this example, the shape of the conductive line 120between the joint X-1 and X-2 resembles a diamond with the sub-trace Aand the sub-trace B surrounding an open area. The shape of the open areacan correspond to the shape of the conductive line trace 120. Withadditional joints X, the conductive line trace 120 forms a chain ofdiamonds, and thus the trace design may be referred to as the diamondtrace design.

Compare to the non-split strain-reducing trace designs shown in FIG. 8,the strain-reducing trace design shown in FIG. 9A can providesignificant advantages in terms of electrical property. For instance,the wire trace provided with the diamond trace design can provide muchlower electrical resistance than the wire traces employing the mountaintrace design, the sign-wave trace designs or other single linestrain-reducing trace designs. In addition, sub-traces may serve as abackup electrical pathway in case one of the sub-traces is damaged orsevered by cracks.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, at least some of the conductive linetraces 120 in the bend portion of the flexible display is provided withthe diamond trace design. The diamond trace design can be applied to thepart of the wire traces at the bend allowance section. Thestrain-reducing trace design of FIG. 9A includes the sub-traces that arearranged to extend in the directions angled away from the tangent vectorof the curvature. This reduces the length of the conductive line trace120 being aligned with the tangent vector of the curvature. As describedabove, the distribution of the bending stress depends on the vector(i.e., split angle) of the sub-traces in reference to the bendingdirection. Accordingly, the sub-trace having a larger split angle awayfrom the bending direction (i.e., tangent vector of the curvature) willbe subjected to less bending stress.

Since the cracks generally initiate from the inorganic insulation layercovering the surfaces of the conductive line trace, it is imperativethat the length of the insulation layer trace being aligned with thetangent vector of the curvature is also minimized. To this end, variousparameters must be considered in designing the strain-reducing tracedesign. In the single line strain-reducing designs, the width and theshape of the conductive line trace as well as the width of the patternedinorganic insulation layers interfacing with the surface of theconductive line trace should be kept minimal.

In the strain-reducing trace designs based on a plurality of sub-tracesas discussed above, various additional factors must be considered. Giventhe widths of the conductive line trace 120 and the inorganic insulationlayers, the angles in which the sub-traces split and merge between thejoints X should be large enough so that a sufficient offset existsbetween the inorganic insulation layers covering the conductive linetrace 120 at the joints X and the points of the sub-trace where itsdirection changes between the two adjacent joints X. Also, the length inwhich the part of sub-trace from a joint X extends before its directionchanges toward the next joint X to merge back should also facilitatecreation of the offset among the parts of the insulation layers coveringthe surface of the conductive line trace. To put it in other way, theopen area, which is surrounded by the sub-traces between the two jointsX, should have a size and a shape to minimize the length in which aninorganic insulation layer trace of the wire trace extending parallel tothe tangent vector of the curvature.

In the diamond trace design depicted in FIG. 9A, the buffer layer 126and the passivation layer 128 covering the outer surface of theconductive line trace 120 form an insulation layer trace with apredetermined margin from the outer trace of the conductive line 120.Accordingly, other than the insulation layers with the predeterminedmargin remaining to cover the conductive line trace, the open areasurrounded by the sub-traces A and B is free of the insulation layers.

The length of the open area without the insulation layers measured inorthogonal direction from the bending direction is greater than thewidth of the inorganic insulation layer trace at the joint X measured inthe same direction. In this setting, the open area surrounded by thesub-traces A and B as well as the area next to the joint X can be freeof the inorganic insulation layers, or otherwise provided with a reducednumber of inorganic insulation layers. These areas provided by theoffset between the parts of the insulation layers at the middle of thesub-traces and at the joint X, reduces the length of the insulationlayers in the wire trace to extending in a continuous straight line.

Referring to FIG. 9A, the insulation layer free area FA1 prohibits theinsulation layer of the sub-trace A and the sub-trace B between the twojoints X1 and X2 to be extended in a continuous straight line.Similarly, the insulation layer free area FA2 prohibits the insulationlayer between the two joints X1 and X2 to be extended in a continuousstraight line. Accordingly, the length of each segment of the insulationlayer trace being aligned to the tangent vector of the curvature isreduced.

Not only does the diamond trace design provide much lower crackinitiation rate, but it also hinders the propagation of cracks to theconductive line trace 120. Further reduction in the length of theinsulation layer trace aligned to the tangent vector of the curvaturecan be obtained by reducing the width of the conductive line trace 120and the insulation layer covering the conductive line trace 120. Theamount of reduction in the width of conductive line trace 120 is limitedwith the single line strain-reducing trace designs depicted in FIG. 8 asthe electrical resistance of the conductive line trace 120 can becometoo high to be used for the flexible display 100. However, theadditional electrical pathway created by splitting and merging of theconductive line trace 120 yields much lower electrical resistance in theconductive line trace 120.

A lower chance of crack initiation is afforded in the wire trace byselectively increasing the angle of sub-traces in the wire trace at highbending stress regions. With sub-traces that split and merge at agreater angle away from the bending direction, more thorough reductionin the lengths of the conductive line trace 120 and the insulation layerextending along the tangent vector of the curvature. This way,unnecessary increase in the electrical resistance can be avoided.

It should be noted that the splitting angle of the sub-traces can affectthe distance between the two adjacent joints X in the diamond tracedesign. The distance between the joints X need not be uniform throughoutthe entire wire trace. The intervals at which the trace splits andmerges can vary within a single trace of wire based on the level ofbending stress exerted on the parts of the wire trace. The distancebetween the joints X may be progressively shortened down for the partsof the wire trace towards the area of the flexible display 100 subjectedto higher bending stress (e.g., area having smaller bend radius, areahaving larger bend angle). Conversely, the distances between the jointsX can progressively widen out towards the area subjected to lowerbending stress.

In an exemplary trace design of FIG. 9B, the distance between the jointsX of a trace in the end sections is at a first distance (e.g., 27 μm),but the distance becomes progressively shorter toward the mid-section ofthe trace. In the mid-section, the distance between the joints X isreduced by half. The end sections of the trace shown in FIG. 9B may befor the part of the wire trace near the beginning of a bend allowancesection, and the mid-section of the trace may be for the part positionedat or near the middle of the bend allowance section of the flexibledisplay 100.

Even with the strain-reducing trace design, the inevitable bendingstress remains at certain points of the trace (i.e., stress point). Thelocation of stress point is largely dependent on the shape of the traceas well as the bending direction. It follows that, for a given bendingdirection, the wire trace can be designed such that the remainingbending stress would concentrate at the desired parts of the wire trace.Knowing the location of the stress point in the wire trace, a crackresistance area can be provided to the stress point to make the wiretrace last longer against the bending stress.

Referring back to FIG. 9A, when a wire trace having the diamond tracedesign is bent in the bending direction, the bending stress tends tofocus at the angled corners (i.e., the vertexes of each diamond shapedlink), which are denoted as the stress point A and stress point B. Forinstance, at the stress points A, a crack may initiate from the innerwire trace line 820 and grows towards the outer wire trace line 830.Similarly, a crack may initiate from the outer wire trace line 830 andgrow towards the inner wire trace line 820 at the stress points B.

Accordingly, the width of the conductive line trace 120 at the stresspoints A can be selectively increased to serve as the crack resistancearea. As depicted in FIG. 9A, the widths (W_(A), W_(B)) of theconductive line trace 120 at the stress points A and B, which aremeasured in the direction perpendicular to the bending direction, may belonger than the width (W) of the conductive line trace 120 at the partsbetween the stress points A and B. The extra width at the stress pointsmay make the conductive line trace 120 hold out longer before a completedisconnection occurs as the stress points.

It should be reminded that the length for the continuous portion of theinsulation layer being aligned to the bending direction should be keptminimal. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the width of the conductiveline trace 120 measured in the direction perpendicular to the tangentvector of the curvature at the stress points A ranges from about 2.5 umto about 8 um, more preferably, from about 3.5 um to about 6 um, morepreferably from about 4.5 um to about 8.5 um, and more preferably atabout 4.0 um.

The width of the conductive line trace 120 measured in the crack growthdirection at the stress points B should also be maintained in thesimilar manner as the width of the conductive line trace 120 at thestress points A. As such, the width of the wire at the stress points Bmay range from about 2.5 um to about 8 um, more preferably, from about3.5 um to about 6 um, more preferably from about 4.5 um to about 8.5 um,and more preferably at about 4.0 um. Due to the close proximity of theangled corners and their crack growth direction at the stress points B,the width of the conductive line trace 120 at the stress points B may belonger than width at the stress points A.

In order to minimize the chance of crack initiating from both the innerwire trace line 820 and the outer wire trace line 830, at least one sideof the wire trace lines may not be as sharply angled as the other tracelines at the stress points A. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 9A, theinner trace line 820 at the stress points A has the angled corner andthe outer trace line 830 at the stress points A is substantiallyparallel (e.g., ±5°) to the bending direction. However, the length L ofthe outer trace line 830 extending in the bending direction in excessmay defeat the purpose of utilizing the strain-reducing trace design inthe first place. As such, the length L for the portion of the outertrace line 830 extending substantially parallel to the bending directionmay be equal to or deviate slightly (e.g., within ±2.5 μm) from thewidth W of the wire trace.

Alternatively, the sharply angled corner can be formed with the outertrace line 830 while the inner trace line 820 at the stress points Abeing substantially parallel to the bending direction. In both cases,the less sharply angled trace line can simply be more rounded ratherthan being a straight line as shown in FIG. 9A.

The wire trace may split into additional number of sub-traces, resultingin a grid-like wire trace in the flexible display 100. As an example,the sub-traces can be configured as a web of diamond trace shapes asillustrated in FIG. 9C. Such trace design is particularly useful forwire traces that transmit a common signal or require reduced electricalresistance. For example, wire traces for providing VSS and VDD in theflexible display 100 may have the grid-like trace design. Neither thenumber of sub-traces nor the shapes of the sub-traces of the grid-liketrace design are particularly limited as the exemplary design depictedin FIG. 9C.

In some embodiments, the split sub-traces forming the grid-like wiretrace can converge back into a single line wire trace or form thediamond trace shown in FIG. 9A. In some cases, the size of eachdiamond-shaped trace of a grid-like wire trace may be larger than thesize of each diamond-shaped trace of a diamond-chain trace to reduce theresistance.

The strain-reducing trace designs discussed above may be used for all orparts of the conductive line trace 120. In some embodiments, the part ofconductive line trace 120 in the bend portion of the flexible display100 may adopt such a strain-reducing trace design. The parts of aconductive line trace 120 prior to or beyond the part with thestrain-reducing trace design may have the same trace design. If desired,the strain-reducing trace designs may be applied to multiple parts of aconductive line trace 120.

Patterned Insulation Layer

As mentioned, it should be noted that cracks primarily initiate from theinorganic insulation layers. Accordingly, propagation of cracks can besuppressed by selectively removing inorganic insulation layers from theareas prone to cracks. To achieve this, one or more inorganic insulationlayers and/or stack of insulation layers including a layer of inorganicmaterial can be selectively etched away at various parts of the flexibledisplay 100.

For example, the insulation layer under the conductive line trace 120can be etched away. The insulation layer under the conductive line trace120 may be the buffer layer 126, which may include one or more layers ofinorganic material layers. The buffer layer 126 may be formed of one ormore layers of a SiN_(x) layer and a SiO₂ layer. In one suitableconfiguration, the buffer layer 126 may be formed of alternating stacksof a SiN_(x) layer and a SiO₂ layer. The buffer layer 126 is disposed onthe base layer 126, but under the TFT.

To facilitate easier bending of the flexible display 100, a part of thebuffer layer 126 may etched away in the bend portion of the flexibledisplay 100. Accordingly, the buffer layer 126 formed on thesubstantially flat portion of the base layer 106 may be thicker than thebuffer layer 126 over the bend portion of the base layer 106. When thebuffer layer 126 is formed in a stack of multiple sub-layers, the bufferlayer 126 in the substantially flat portion of the flexible display 100may include one or more additional sub-layers than the buffer layer inthe bend portion of the flexible display 100.

For example, the buffer layer 126 in the substantially flat portion mayinclude multiple stacks of a SiN_(x) layer and a SiO₂ layer, and thebuffer layer 126 in the bend portion includes a single stack of aSiN_(x) layer and a SiO₂ layer. It is also possible to have only asingle layer of either a SiN_(x) layer or a SiO₂ layer in some part ofthe bend portion. In one suitable configuration, each SiN_(x) layer andSiO₂ layer in the buffer layer 126 may have a thickness of about 1000 Å.As such, the thickness of the buffer layer 126 in the bend portion ofthe flexible display may range from about 100 Å to about 2000 Å.

In the substantially flat portion of the flexible display 100,additional layer of inorganic layer may be provided immediately belowthe semiconductor layer of the TFT, which may be referred to as theactive buffer. In some embodiments, an inorganic layer, which is mostclosely positioned under the active layer of the TFT, may be muchthicker than the individual inorganic layers of the buffer layer 126.

The buffer layer 126 in the bend allowance section may be etched evenfurther to expose the base layer 106 while leaving the buffer layer 126intact under the conductive line trace 120. In other words, a recessedarea and a protruded area are provided in the bend portion of theflexible display 100. The protruded area includes the buffer layer 126provided on the base layer 106, whereas the recessed area has the baselayer 106 exposed without the buffer layer 126 disposed thereon.

In one exemplary configuration shown in FIG. 10A, the conductive linetrace 120 is positioned on the protruded area, and the passivation layer128 is positioned over the conductive line trace 120 on the protrudedarea. Although the passivation layer 128 may be temporarily depositedover the recessed area, the passivation layer 128 can be removed fromthe recessed area by a dry etch or a wet etch process. As such, therecessed area can be substantially free of the passivation layer 128.When etching the passivation layer 128 from the recessed area, part ofthe base layer 106 can also be etched. Accordingly, the thickness of thebase layer 106 at the recessed area can be lower than that of the baselayer 106 elsewhere in the flexible display 100. When the buffer layer126 is etched away as shown in FIG. 10A, propagation of crack from onepart of the buffer 126 to another part of the buffer layer 126 can behindered by the space in the recessed area. Similarly, propagation ofcracks by the passivation layer 128 is also hindered by the space of therecessed area. Accordingly, damage to the conductive line trace 120 bypropagation of cracks can be reduced.

In another suitable configuration shown in FIG. 10B, the recessed areaincludes the base layer 106 that is etched to a certain depth, and theconductive line trace 120 is deposited on the base layer 106 of therecessed area. In this setting, the portion of the conductive line trace120 is disposed within the base layer 106. Some part of the conductiveline trace 120 is also deposited on a part of the buffer layer 126 thatprovides the protruded area. A passivation layer 128 can be depositedover the conductive line trace 120, and then etched away from therecessed area to expose the conductive line trace 120 in the recessedarea.

Accordingly, the passivation layer 128 remains on the conductive linetrace 120 positioned on the protruded area. In this configuration, thepassivation layer 128 remaining on the buffer layer 126 can inhibitgalvanic corrosion as it covers the cross-sectional side surface of themulti-layered conductive line trace 120. While cracks generated from thebuffer layer 126 may penetrate to the conductive line trace 120 on theside surface of the buffer layer 126, but reaching the part of theconductive line trace 120 positioned within the base layer 106 will bedifficult.

When the conductive line trace 120 has the multi-layered structurediscussed above, the part of the conductive line trace 120 in therecessed area needs not be covered by the passivation layer 128. Withthe passivation layer 128 removed from the surface of the conductiveline trace 120 in the recessed area, crack propagation from thepassivation layer 128 can also be prevented. Further, galvanic corrosiongenerally starts from the edge of the conductive line trace 120 on thebuffer layer, and thus the passivation layer 128 covering the edge ofthe conductive lines 120 on the buffer 126 may not be needed if thedistance between the conductive line trace 120 on the buffer layer 126and the conductive line trace 120 in the base layer 106 is sufficientlyspaced apart from each other.

In some embodiments, the patterned insulation layer may also be appliedin the routing area between the active area and the bend allowancesection as well as the routing area between the COF bonding area and thebend allowance section.

Removal of inorganic insulation layers near the TFTs of the flexibledisplay 100 may affect the electrical characteristic of components inthe flexible display 100. For instance, undesired shift in the thresholdvoltage of TFTs may result when some part of the buffer layer 126 isremoved. In order to maintain the stability of the TFTs, an additionalshield metal layer can be formed under the semiconductor layer of theTFTs. The shield metal layer may be under the buffer layer 126 orinterposed between the inorganic layers of the buffer layer 126. In someembodiments, the shield metal layer may be electrically connected to thesource electrode or gate electrode of the TFTs.

As discussed above, some structural elements may not exist in some areasof the flexible display 100 to facilitate bending. For example, elementssuch as the touch sensor layer 112, polarization layer 110 and the likemay be absent in the bend area of the flexible display 100. Also, someof the insulation layers, for instance the buffer layer 126, may beetched in some degree so that the insulation layer has less number ofsub-layers or has a decreased thickness at one area as compared to otherareas in the flexible display 100. Absence or simplification of thesecomponents and the layers would create a number of uneven surfaces wherethe wire trace may need to cross.

When a wire trace is laid over such an uneven surface, the plane levelfor parts the wire trace can be different. Being in a different planelevel, the amount and direction of bending stress and the strainresulting from the bending stress can differ even among the parts of thewire trace. To accommodate the difference, a strain-reducing tracedesign for the wire traces can include a modified trace design for theportion of the wire trace on the uneven surfaces.

FIG. 11A is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing an exemplarybackplane configuration for a flexible display 100, in which severalinsulation layers are removed from the bend portion to facilitate morereliable bending.

Several organic and inorganic layers may be formed in between the baselayer 106 and the OLED element layer 102. In this particular example,alternating stacks of SiN_(x) and SiO₂ layers can be disposed on thebase layer 106 to serve as the buffer layer 126. The semiconductor layerof a TFT may be sandwiched by an active-buffer layer and a gateinsulation layer that are formed of SiO₂ layer. The gate of the TFT isdisposed on an interlayer dielectric layer (ILD), and the source/drainof the TFT having the multi-layered structure as discussed above issandwiched between the ILD and a passivation layer. Here, the ILD may beformed of a stack of SiN_(x) and SiO₂, and the passivation layer isformed of SiN_(x). Then, a planarization layer is disposed over thepassivation layer so that the anode for the OLED can be disposedthereon.

As mentioned above, use of the strain-reducing trace design is not justlimited to the part of the wire traces within the bend portion. Also,the strain-reducing trace design can be applied to the part of the wiretraces in the routing areas outside the bend allowance section. Usingthe strain-reducing trace design for the wire trace in such routing areacan afford increased protection to the wire trace against the bendingstress.

In the routing area, however, several layers of organic and/or inorganicmaterial layers between the base layer 106 and the OLED element layer102 may be absent to facilitate bending of the flexible display 100.Such organic and/or inorganic layers, including but not limited to theILD, the gate insulation layer, buffer layer, passivation layer,planarization layer, etc. may not be present in the bend portion of theflexible display 100. Some of these layers may have been removed fromthe area by several etching processes. By way of example, severalinsulation layers on the buffer layer 126 may be etched by a first etchprocess, which is followed by the second etch process that etches awaythe active buffer and a part of the buffer 126 (e.g., a stack of aSiN_(x) layer and a SiO₂ layer). These etching processes create multiplestepped regions as shown in FIG. 11A, with one or more of verticallysloped surfaces and horizontally leveled surfaces, where the wire traceis disposed thereon. The wire trace laid over the vertically slopedsurfaces and horizontally leveled surfaces would have several bentspots, such as EB1 area and EB2 area.

When bending the flexible display 100 in the bending direction, the wiretrace may experience more strain at or near the stepped region. Numeroustests and experiments indicate that the chance of a crack is especiallyhigh in the wire trace crossing over the stepped region between the EB1area and the EB2 area. Accordingly, in some embodiments, thestrain-reducing trace design for the wire trace has a reinforced portionat or near the stepped region between a high-leveled surface and alow-leveled surface provided by insulation layers of the flexibledisplay.

In the example shown in FIG. 11B, the wire trace has a simple straightline trace at its both ends. The part of the conductive line thatcrosses over before and after the bent spots EB1 and EB2 is reinforcedwith a modified trace design. At the modified portion, the conductiveline is provided with a wider width extra width W_(R) to ensure theperseveration of the conductive line trace 120 even if cracks initiatefrom the insulation layer near the bent spots EB1 and EB2. The distanceD_(R) of the reinforced portion of which the conductive line 120 isreinforced with the increased width W_(R) depends on the size of thestepped region created by the etching processes as well as the distancebetween the first leveled surface (e.g., bent spot EB1) and a secondleveled surface (e.g., bent spot EB2).

Past the modified portion (i.e., reinforced part), the wire trace isillustrated as having the strain-reducing trace design (i.e.,diamond-chain trace design), which is previously described with FIG. 9A.However, the strain-reducing trace design of the wire trace applied withthe modified portion is not limited to the strain-reducing trace designdepicted in FIG. 11B. Various embodiments of the strain-reducing tracedesign can include a modified trace design for the portion of the wiretrace corresponding to the stepped region between two differentlyleveled surfaces.

While this may not always be the case, the routing areas adjacent to thebend allowance section may be the substantially flat portions of theflexible display 100. In such cases, the bent spots EB1 and EB2 would bepositioned at or just outside start of the bend allowance section in thebend portion.

The increased width W_(R) of the reinforced conductive line trace 120portion may serve its purpose well at or near the beginning and the endof the bend allowance section where the curvature is relatively small.The wider width W_(R) of the wire trace and the length in which themodified trace portion is applied in the wire trace can increase thelength of the wire trace that is linear to the bending direction. Thiswould be make the wire trace harder to hold out against the bendingstress at the region with greater bend radius.

For this reason, the distance DR in which the reinforced portion isshould be limited such that the reinforced conductive line portion doesnot extend too much toward the bend allowance section. In other words,the distance DR of the reinforced conductive line portion may be limitedsuch that the trace design of the reinforced conductive line portiondoes not extend beyond the bend allowance section with more than athreshold bend angle. In way of an example, the reinforced conductiveline portion may not extend beyond the point where it is 30° curved awayfrom the tangent plane of the curvature. The threshold bend angle may beless than 20°, for example 10°, and more preferably less than 7°.

The wire trace having the reinforced section may extend across the bendallowance section and routed to pads for COF or other components of theflexible display 100. In such instances, there may be additional steppedregion (similar to EB1 and EB2) at or near the opposite end of the bendallowance section. The conductive line at or near such bent spots may bereinforced in the similar manner as the modified portion of the wiretrace at the opposite end as shown in FIG. 11B. If desired, thereinforced conductive line portion at or near the stepped regions at theopposite ends of the bend allowance section may have a different shapeas depicted in FIG. 11B.

Areas near the scribing line and/or chamfering line of the flexibledisplay 100 may be another vulnerable spots. For instance, crack caninitiate from the insulation layers during scribing the flexible displayor chamfering a portion of the base layer 106. The cracks generated atthe far end of the flexible display 100 can propagate towards centralportion. The cracks from the chamfering line of the flexible display 100may propagate into the bending area and the routing areas adjacent tothe bending area. In some cases, cracks at the edges of the sideinactive areas can propagate toward the active area and damage variouscircuits in the inactive areas, such as the GIP.

Accordingly, selective areas along one or more scribing lines of theflexible display 100 may be substantially free of inorganic materiallayers. For example, areas at one or more edges of the base layer 106 inthe flexible display 100, denoted as “the set-back area” in FIG. 12A,may be substantially free of the buffer layer 126. In the set-backareas, the base layer 106 may be exposed or only a predetermined minimalthickness of the buffer layer 126 may remain. Although the set-backareas are marked at the top edge and the bottom edge of the flexibledisplay 100 in FIG. 12A, the side of one or more edges where theset-back area is provided, the size and the shape of the set-back areais not particularly limited as the example shown in FIG. 12.

Several side crack stopper structures may also be provided in the areabetween the edge (i.e., scribed line/chamfered line) and the active areaand a central portion of the flexible display 100. For instance, arecessed channel can be formed in the inactive area by etching theinsulation layers as shown on the left side edge of the active area inFIG. 12A. In some embodiments, a dummy wire trace pattern may bedisposed between a circuit positioned in the inactive area and the outeredge of the inactive area to change the direction of crack propagatingtoward the circuit. For example, a metal trace having a strain reductionpattern and insulation layer covering the metal trace can be formedbetween the GIP and the edge of the flexible display 100 as depicted inFIG. 9A (right side).

It should be noted that the recessed channel on the left side of theactive area can also be provided on the right side of the active area.Likewise, the metal trace with the strain-reducing pattern provided onthe right side of the inactive area can also be provided on the leftside of the inactive area. In some embodiments, both the recessedchannel and the metal trace having the strain-reducing pattern can beprovided on both sides of the active area. In this configuration, thecracks propagating from the outer edge of the inactive area in thedirection towards the GIP may change its course due to the angle of thediamond metal/insulation trace formed before the GIP.

Removal of the insulation layers can also be performed in the routingarea between the active area and the bend allowance section as well asthe routing area between the COF bonding area and the bend allowancesection. Further, the inorganic material layers may be removed from theareas next to the chamfering lines (i.e., notched line) so that cracksdo not propagate from the chamfering line side towards the conductivelines 120.

FIG. 12B is an enlarged view of the bend allowance section near thechamfering line (notched line). In order to reduce crack initiation andpropagation from the inorganic layers near the chamfered line, theinsulation layer is etched in the area between the wire trace (e.g., VSSline) to the chamfered line. In particular, the buffer layer 126disposed on the base layer 106 in the area between the chamfered lineand the conductive line 120 in the bend allowance section, which isclosest to the chamfering line (e.g., VSS line) can be removed. In thisarea, the base layer 106 may be exposed or buffer layer 126 with alimited thickness (i.e., thinner than the buffer layer 126 under theconductive line trace 120) may remain. Accordingly, crack initiation andpropagation from the chamfered line can be hindered by the buffer layerremoved area.

As depicted in FIG. 12B, a stripe of buffer layer 126 may be leftbetween the chamfering line and the closest conductive line trace 120when etching the buffer layer 126 near the chamfering line. This stripeof buffer layer can serve as a dam for inhibiting moistures of otherforeign material from reaching the conductive line trace 120 from thechamfered side of the flexible display 100.

The aforementioned buffer layer etched area can also be applied in therouting area between the chamfering line and the closest conductive line120. The stripe of buffer layer 126 may also be provided in the routingarea. Further, the buffer layer 126 under the conductive lines 120 andthe passivation layer 128 on the conductive lines 120 can be patternedto correspond to the trace of the conductive lines 120 throughout therouting area to further reduce the chance of crack propagation by theinorganic insulation layers in the routing area. For instance, thestructure depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B may also be applied to theconductive line traces 120 in the routing area.

FIG. 12C is an enlarged view of the bend allowance section near thechamfering line provided with another type of crack stopper structure.In this embodiment, an auxiliary conductive line 130 having the diamondtrace pattern is provided between the chamfering line and the conductiveline trace 120 (e.g., VSS). The buffer layer 126 under the auxiliaryconductive line 130 and the passivation 128 on the auxiliary conductiveline 130 can be etched in the similar manner as depicted in FIGS. 10Aand 10B. Accordingly, the auxiliary conductive line 130 may inhibitpropagation of cracks from the chamfering line to the conductive linetrace 120. The auxiliary conductive line 130 may be a floating line. Ifdesired, the auxiliary conductive line 130 may extend outside therouting area towards the bottom edge of the flexible display 100. Insome embodiments, the auxiliary conductive line 130 may be in contactwith adjacent conductive line 120. In addition to the auxiliaryconductive line 130, the stripe of buffer layer 126 may also be providedto stop moisture or other foreign materials traveling towards theauxiliary conductive line 130.

MCL

With the inorganic insulation layers etched away from the bend portionof the flexible display 100, the wire traces in the bend portion can bevulnerable to moistures and other foreign materials. In particular,various pads and conductive lines for testing the components duringmanufacturing of the flexible display 100 may be chamfered, and this canleave conductive lines exiting at the notched edge of the flexibledisplay 100. Such conductive lines can easily corrode by the moistures,and cause other nearby conductive line traces to corrode as well.

Accordingly, a protective coating layer, which may be referred to as a“micro-coating layer” can be provided over the wire traces in the bendportion to provide added protection against moistures and other foreignmaterials. In addition to having a good moisture resistance, themicro-coating layer should have sufficient flexibility so that it can beused in the bend portion of the flexible display 100. Further, thematerial of the micro-coating layer may be a curable material with lowenergy within a limited time so that the components under themicro-coating layer are not damaged during the curing process.

FIG. 12A is a schematic illustration of one suitable exemplaryconfiguration of the micro-coating layer 132 in an embodiment offlexible display 100. The micro-coating layer 132 may be provided asphoto-curable (e.g., UV light, Visible light, UV LED) resin and coatedover the desired areas of the flexible display 100. In this regard, themicro-coating layer 132 is coated over the area between theencapsulation 114 and the COF 134 attached in the inactive area.Depending on the adhesive property of the micro-coating layer 132,however, the micro-coating layer 132 can be detached from theencapsulation 114 and/or the COF 134. Any open space between themicro-coating layer 132 and the encapsulation 114 or the COF 132 maybecome a defect site where moisture can permeate through.

Accordingly, the micro-coating layer 132 may be coated to overflow intoa part of the top surface of the encapsulation 114 for enhanced sealingbetween the encapsulation 114 and the micro-coating layer 132. Theadditional contact area between the micro-coating layer 132 and thesurface of the encapsulation 114 can provide stronger bonding, andreduce the cracks and corrosion of the wire traces at the bend portionof the flexible display 100. Likewise, the micro-coating layer 132 canbe coated on as least some part of the COF 134 for stronger bondingbetween the micro-coating layer 132 and the COF 134.

Referring to FIGS. 13B and 13C, the width of the encapsulation 114coated with the micro-coating layer 134 (denoted as Overflow_W1) and thewidth of the COF 134 coated with the micro-coating layer 134 (denoted asOverflow_W2) are not particularly limited and may vary depending on theadhesiveness of the micro-coating layer 132. As shown in FIG. 13B, theflexible display 100 may include a portion where the micro-coating layer132 on the encapsulation 114 is spaced apart from the sidewall of thepolarization layer 110. In some embodiments, the flexible display 100may include a portion where the micro-coating layer 132 on theencapsulation 114 is in contact with the polarization layer 110 disposedon the encapsulation 114 as depicted in FIG. 13C.

In one suitable configuration, the micro-coating layer 132 may be incontact with the polarization layer 110 at the two opposite corners(denoted “POL_CT”) while the micro-coating layer 132 only covers up tosome part of the encapsulation 114 in the areas between the two oppositecorners. After the bending process, the part of the flexible display 100where the micro-coating layer 132 is spaced apart from the polarizationlayer 110 may be configured as shown in FIG. 14A. In the region wheremicro-coating layer 132 is configured to be in contact with thepolarization layer 110, the flexible display 100 may be configured asshown in FIG. 14B.

It should be noted that the micro-coating layer 132 is dispensed in aresinous form, and may spread on the dispensed surface. The spreadingdynamic depends on the viscosity of the micro-coating layer 132 as wellas the surface energy of which the micro-coating layer 132 is dispensed.As such, the micro-coating layer 132 overflowed into the encapsulation114 may reach the polarization layer 110. When the micro-coating layer132 reaches the sidewall of the polarization layer 114, themicro-coating layer 132 may climb over the sidewall of the polarizationlayer 110. Such sidewall wetting of the micro-coating layer 132 can makeuneven edges over the surface of the polarization layer 132, which maycause various issues when placing another layer thereon. Accordingly,the amount of the micro-coating layer 134 dispensed on the targetedsurface can be adjusted to control the width of the micro-coating layer134 on the encapsulation layer 114.

The micro-coating layer 132 may be coated in a predetermined thicknessto adjust the neutral plane of the flexible display 100 at the bendportion. More specifically, added thickness at the bend portion of theflexible display 100 by the micro-coating layer 132 can change theneutral plane so that the plane of the wire traces is shifted closer tothe neutral plane.

In some embodiments, the thickness of the micro-coating layer 132 in thearea between the encapsulation 114 and the COF 134, which is measuredfrom the surface of the base layer 106, may be substantially the same asthe distance between the surface of the base layer 106 to the topsurface of the encapsulation 104. In such embodiments, the verticaldistance between the top surface of the micro-coating layer 132 in thebend allowance section and the top surface of the encapsulation 114 maybe less than 25 um.

Various resin dispensing methods, such as slit coating, jetting and thelike, may be used to dispense the micro-coating layer 132 at thetargeted surface. In way of an example, the micro-coating layer 132 canbe dispensed by using a jetting valve. The dispensing speed from thejetting valve(s) may be adjusted during the coating process for accuratecontrol of the thickness and the spread size of the micro-coating layer132 at the targeted surface. Further, additional number of jettingvalues may be used to reduce the dispense time and limit the amount ofspread before the micro-coating layer 132 is cured through UVirradiation.

Divided VSS-VDD Wire Trace

Spreading dynamic of the micro-coating layer 132 over the wire tracescan be affected by the trace design of the wire traces. Morespecifically, patterning of the insulation layers along the wire tracein the bend portion of the flexible display 100 creates recessed areasand protruded areas, which essentially become a micro-grooved surface tobe covered by the micro-coating layer 132.

When applying the strain-reducing trace design in the wire traces,patterning of the insulation layers around the split sub-traces createsthe recessed open area, which is surrounded by the protruded stack ofconductive line trace and the insulation layers under and over theconductive line trace. During coating of the micro-coating layer 132,some portion of the micro-coating layer droplet can permeate into therecessed open area. It can hinder the spreading and reduce the maximumspreading diameter of the micro-coating layer 132 on such amicro-grooved surface, and result in some part of the bend portion beingexposed without the micro-coating layer 132.

Decrease in the wettability of micro-coating layer 132 by thedistribution of the recessed areas and the protruded areas may bemagnified even more in the area over the wire trace applied with thegrid-like trace design shown in FIG. 9C. To counteract the viscid drag,in some embodiments, a wire trace, which includes multiple diamond-chaintraces adjoined side-by-side, can be provided with a rail between twoparts of the wire trace.

Referring to FIG. 15, a wire with a grid-like trace strain-reducingtrace design is provided with an elongated recessed channel. Within theelongated recessed channel, the conductive line trace 120 is not formed.Also, at least some of the inorganic insulation layers on the base layer106 are removed in the elongated recessed channel. The elongatedrecessed channel between the parts of the wire trace extends from thesignal supplying side to the signal receiving side of the wire trace.That is, the elongated recessed channel may extend in the directionsubstantially parallel to the bending direction. The part of the wiretrace on one side of the elongated recessed channel is connected to thepart of the wire trace on the opposite side of the elongated recessedchannel, and thus both parts of the wire trace transmit the identicalsignal. The connection of the divided parts of the wire trace may beachieved at one or both ends of the wire trace by a conductive path,which may be a part of the wire trace. The connection of the dividedparts of the wire trace may be achieved outside the bend allowancesection.

Even though the parts of the wire trace on each side of the elongatedrecessed channel has the grid-like trace design, the reduced number ofdiamond-chain traces adjoined in each part can reduce the viscid drag ofthe micro-coating layer 132. More importantly, the elongated recessedchannel between the parts of the wire trace serves as a channel, whichimproves the wettability of the micro-coating layer 132. In sum,increase in the maximum spread diameter of the micro-coating layer 132can be achieved by positioning one or more rails within the wire havingthe grid-like strain-reducing trace design.

It should be noted that the resistance of the wire trace can increasewith the elongated recessed channel dividing the wire into multipleparts. Increase in the resistance of the wire can raise the temperatureof the wire trace when it is supplied with a signal. Accordingly, thenumber of elongated recessed channels provided in a single wire tracecan depend on the signal transmitted via the wire trace. In some cases,the size of each diamond-shaped trace of a grid-like wire trace may belarger than the size of each diamond-shaped trace of a diamond-chaintrace to reduce the resistance.

In one suitable configuration, one or more of power signal wires of theflexible display 100, such as the VDD and/or the VSS, has the grid-likewire trace formed of multiple diamond-chain traces adjoinedside-by-side. The power signal wire includes a single elongated recessedchannel between two divided grid parts on both sides of the elongatedrecessed channel, which are connected at the both ends of the powersignal wire as depicted in FIG. 15. The size of the divided grid partsmay be substantially the same. That is, the number of diamond-chaintraces forming a gird part on one side of the elongated recessed channelmay be the same as the number of diamond-chain traces forming a girdpart on the opposite side. If desired, however, the number ofdiamond-chain traces adjoined to each other to form one grid part maydiffer from the number of diamond-chain forming another grid part.

In another suitable configuration, the power signal wire trace mayinclude one elongated recessed channels, which divides the power signalwire trace into two grid parts connected at the start and the end of thewire trace.

Although the concepts and teachings in the present disclosure aredescribed above with reference to OLED display technology, it should beunderstood that several features may be extensible to any form offlexible display technology, such as electrophoretic, liquid crystal,electrochromic, displays comprising discreet inorganic LED emitters onflexible substrates, electrofluidic, and electrokinetic displays, aswell as any other suitable form of display technology.

As described above, a flexible display 100 may include a plurality ofinnovations configured to allow bending of a portion or portions toreduce apparent border size and/or utilize the side surface of anassembled flexible display 100. In some embodiments, bending may beperformed only in the bend portion and/or the bend allowance sectionhaving only the conductive line trace 120 rather than active displaycomponents or peripheral circuits. In some embodiments, the base layer106 and/or other layers and substrates to be bent may be heated topromote bending without breakage, then cooled after the bending. In someembodiments, metals such as stainless steel with a passive dielectriclayer may be used as the base layer 106 rather than the polymermaterials discussed above. Optical markers may be used in severalidentification and aligning process steps to ensure appropriate bendsabsent breakage of sensitive components. Components of the flexibledisplay 100 may be actively monitored during device assembly and bendingoperations to monitor damage to components and interconnections.

Constituent materials of conductive line trace 120 and/or insulationlayers may be optimized to promote stretching and/or compressing ratherthan breaking within a bending area. Thickness of a conductive linetrace 120 may be varied across a bending area and/or the bend allowancesection to minimize stresses about the bend portion or the bendallowance section of the flexible display 100. Trace design ofconductive line trace 120 and insulation layers may be angled away fromthe bending direction (i.e., tangent vector of the curvature),meandering, waving, or otherwise arranged to reduce possibility ofseverance during bending. The thickness of the conductive line trace120, insulation layers and other components may be altered or optimizedin the bend portion of the flexible display 100 to reduce breakageduring bending. Bend stresses may be reduced by adding protectivemicro-coating layer(s) over components in addition to disclosedencapsulation layers. Conductive films may be applied to the conductiveline trace 120 before, during, or after bending in a repair process.Furthermore, the constituent material and/or the structure forconductive line trace 120 in a substantially flat area of a flexibledisplay 100 may differ from the conductive line trace 120 in a bendportion and/or the bend allowance section.

These various aspects, embodiments, implementations or features of thedescribed embodiments can be used separately or in any combination. Theforegoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this invention andvarious modifications can be made by those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A display apparatus comprising: a base layer including a first portion with display pixels and a second portion without any display pixels, the base layer bent at a bend allowance section such that the second portion is bent behind the first portion; a support member between the first portion and the second portion that is bent behind the first portion; a first adhesive layer providing attachment of the support member to the first portion; and a second adhesive layer providing attachment of the support member to the second portion, the first adhesive layer extending further towards the bend allowance section than the second adhesive layer.
 2. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first adhesive layer is in contact with the support member and the second adhesive layer is in contact with the support member.
 3. The display apparatus of claim 2, wherein at least one among the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer has multiple layers.
 4. The display apparatus of claim 3, wherein at least one among the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer includes a pressure-sensitive adhesive, a foam-type adhesive, a liquid adhesive, a light-cured adhesive, or a cushion material.
 5. The display apparatus of claim 4, wherein a thickness of the first adhesive layer and a thickness of the second adhesive layer are different.
 6. The display apparatus of claim 5, further comprising: a first support layer between the first adhesive layer and the first portion; and a second support layer between the second adhesive layer and the second portion, wherein the first support layer extends further towards the bend allowance section than the second adhesive layer.
 7. The display apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first support layer has a greater surface area than the second support layer.
 8. The display apparatus of claim 6, wherein a radius of the bend allowance section depends upon a total thickness of the support member, the first and second adhesive layers, and the first and second support layers.
 9. A display apparatus comprising: a base layer having a first portion with an active area of organic light emitting diode (OLED) pixels thereon and a second portion that is bent towards an underside of the base layer at a bend allowance section between the first and second portions; a support member at the underside of the base layer beneath the first portion; a first support layer between the first portion of the base layer and the support member; and a second support layer between the second portion of the base layer and the support member, the first support layer extending further towards the active area than the second support layer.
 10. The display apparatus of claim 9, wherein an edge of the second support layer oriented towards the active area and a corresponding edge of the second portion of the base layer are relatively flush with each other.
 11. The display apparatus of claim 9, wherein the second support layer extends further towards the bend allowance section than an encapsulation above the base layer.
 12. The display apparatus of claim 9, further comprising: a first adhesive layer between the first support layer and the first portion of the base layer; and a second adhesive layer between the second support layer and the second portion of the base layer, wherein the first adhesive layer extends towards the bend allowance section more than the second adhesive layer.
 13. The display apparatus of claim 12, wherein at least one among the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer includes a pressure-sensitive adhesive, a foam-type adhesive, a liquid adhesive, a light-cured adhesive, or a cushion material, and wherein at least one among the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer has multiple layers.
 14. The display apparatus of claim 12, wherein a thickness of the first adhesive layer and a thickness of the second adhesive layer are different.
 15. A display apparatus comprising: a base layer made of flexible material and having an underside, the base layer including a display area with a matrix of pixels and a non-display area that is bent such that the underside of the display area and non-display area face each other; a support layer supporting at least the non-display area of the base layer; a first adhesive layer in contact with the support layer; another support layer supporting at least the display area of the base layer; and a second adhesive layer in contact with the another support layer, the support layer and the another support layer having different lengths, and correspondingly, the adhesive layer and the another adhesive layer having different lengths.
 16. The display apparatus of claim 15, wherein, with respect to a region where the non-display area is bent from the display area, an edge of the support layer and a corresponding edge of the another support layer extend into the region by different amounts.
 17. The display apparatus of claim 15, wherein at least one among the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer has multiple layers and includes at least one among a pressure-sensitive adhesive, a foam-type adhesive, a liquid adhesive, a light-cured adhesive and a cushion material.
 18. The display apparatus of claim 15, wherein at least one among the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer has multiple layers.
 19. The display apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a support member between the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer.
 20. The display apparatus of claim 19, wherein a radius of the bent non-display area depends upon a total thickness of the support member, the first and second adhesive layers, and the support layers. 